Review Of Holden s The Catcher Rye - 960 Words

503347 Harper AP Lit 06 November 2015 Holden’s Adolescence J.D Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye recounts protagonist Holden Caulfield’s journey after he becomes expelled from his boarding school, Pencey Preparatory, due to his inability to improve his grades. Before leaving Pencey, Holden visits Mr. Spencer to say goodbye, but Mr. Spencer confronts him with his lousy exam essay— causing Holden to make up an excuse to avoid Mr. Spencer’s persistent sermon. Holden does not go home; instead he wanders through New York City avoiding his awaiting parents at home. Salinger’s representation of Holden’s adolescence as a time graced by innocence and curiosity, yet terror and tribulation highlights that innocence eventually diminishes. Holden’s adolescence marks a time of terror and misfortune as he loses his younger brother Allie to leukemia, underlining that innocence does not remain eternally. Allie â€Å"died when [they] were up in Maine† during a trip (38). Inste ad of having the opportunity of having his brother with him, being able to play and interact with his brother, Holden ends up grieving his death, thus marking his adolescence as painful and sorrowful instead of gleeful. This emphasizes Holden’s exposure to adult situations, such as death, signaling his transition into adulthood and therefore the fading of innocence. Additionally, Allie’s death becomes the vehicle for Holden’s recognition of reality and his progression toward maturity, as well as the loss ofShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of A Catcher In the Ryes Holden Caulfield: Enemy of Himself1686 Words   |  7 PagesJerome David Salinger’s only novel, The Catcher in the Rye, is based on the life events shaping main character, Holden Caulfield, into the troubled teen that is telling the story in 1950. The theme of the story is one of emotional disconnection felt by the alienated teenagers of this time period. The quote, â€Å" I didn’t know anyone t here that was splendid and clear thinking and all† (Salinger 4) sets the tone that Holden cannot find a connection with anyone around him and that he is on a lonely endeavorRead MoreAmerican Literature And Ways They Cultivate Their Own Methods Of Survival Within Their Societies1484 Words   |  6 Pagesfind purpose as an adult. J.D. Salinger’s novel The Catcher in the Rye follows anti-hero Holden Caulfield through a seemingly innocuous trip in New York City. Throughout his journey, Holden tries desperately to interact with others but often finds himself alienated; in this way, Salinger portrays him more as an outsider, always staring with his nose pressed up against the glass, as opposed to a rebel actively revolting against society. However, Holden has a great irony about him: he wants to establishRead More Catcher in the Rye Essay: The Importance of Language1464 Words   |  6 PagesImportance of Language in The Catcher in the Rye   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   J.D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye has captured the spirit of adolescence, dramatizing Holden Caulfields vulgar language and melodramatic reactions. Written as the autobiographical account of a fictional teenage prep school student named Holden Caulfield, The Catcher in the Rye deals with material that is socially scandalous for the time (Gwynn, 1958). As an emotional, intelligent, and sensitive young man, Holden puts his inner world toRead MoreSummary Of Salinger s The Catcher Rye And Franny And Zooey 1966 Words   |  8 PagesAmerican writer’s haven’t only impacted this country, but the world as a whole. Specifically, J.D. Salinger. He is a well-known author who has wrote many influential books such as The Catcher in the Rye and Franny and Zooey. Salinger’s childhood, education, significant people, major influences,and historical events have all had an impact on how he became the face of a literary movement as well as his contributions t o the art of American Literature. Jerome David Salinger was born on January 1, 1919Read MoreCatcher in the Rye4413 Words   |  18 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye â€Å"Is The Catcher in the Rye, as a work of literature still relevant for today’s youth?† Name: Sara Sigurdson Course: English A1 Supervisor: Mr. Peter Steadman Word count: 3851 Candidate number: 00136022 Table of Contents Content Page Number Abstract 3 Introduction 4 The Actual Catcher in the Rye 4 The Sexual Matter 5 The Caulfield Family 6 Narrator and Protagonist 8 Role Model 9 Mr. Antolini 10 Targeted Audience 10 Guidance 12 Read MoreHolden s Journey Toward Maturity2555 Words   |  11 PagesAdditionally, Holden is constantly looking for answers to where the ducks go when not at the lagoon. For instance, â€Å"Do you happen to know where they go, the ducks when it gets all frozen over?† (Salinger 60). Holden’s concern for where the ducks go proves his anxiety and Holden feels he lacks anywhere safe to head to go in the world. Holden shows a growing ability to adapt to adult life. He also says people cannot rely on others to help them and sometimes people just have to do things without theRead MoreLanguage Catcher in the Rye4730 Words   |  19 PagesThe American Dialect Society The Language of The Catcher in the Rye Author(s): Donald P. Costello Source: American Speech, Vol. 34, No. 3 (Oct., 1959), pp. 172-181 Published by: Duke University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/454038 . Accessed: 30/01/2011 11:19 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTORs Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTORs Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in partRead MoreThe Study Of Culture By Arnold, M., Raymond William And Attach Them With The Book1665 Words   |  7 Pagescritical review I want to describe the definition of â€Å"Culture†, using famous theories by Arnold,M., Raymond William and attach them with the book â€Å"Catcher in The Rye† by J.D Sellinger and explain my view of ‘’Culture’’. The plot of this book is based on a story of seventeen-year-old American schoolboy, who is expelled from the school just before the Christmas because of the poor progress. He spends three days in New York and reasons about his life and people around. The main character Holden CaulfieldRead MoreArrogance in The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger Essay examples1767 Words   |  8 Pagesreally mean? According to merriam-webster.com (2014), the definition of arrogance is, â€Å"an insulting way of thinking or behaving that comes from believing you are better, smarter,or more important than other people† (Def. 1). In the novels The Catcher in the Rye and Siddhartha, the main characters both possess the trait of arrogance, but both express the trait in different forms. The root causes for both characters arrogance are very unrelated, but both roots lead to the same ending. Two completelyRead MoreA Psychological Interpretation: the Irony of Holden Caulfield’s Inner Confl ict with Society2496 Words   |  10 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye, a novel written by J. D. Salinger is a story about a unique yet troubled boy named Holden Caulfield. Salinger masterfully depicts the story’s protagonist as a well rounded character who feels the full range of emotions. Holden is consumed by the desire to live in a world where he can play the hero and surround himself with love and acceptance. Holden’s need for love and belonging, however, creates an irony because it provokes an intense aversion to society that pushes Holden

Organizational Functions And Employee Relations During The...

Since the turn of the 19th century, there has been a dramatic overhaul of administrative practices. Through trial and error, organizations have altered their management practices in pursuit of better results. These changes in administrative theory can be sorted into five different themes. This includes organization functions, employee relations, open systems, social equity, and client-oriented (Cronkhite, 2012). Each theme provides a unique perspective on how to run a successful agency. The purpose of this paper will be focusing on the themes of organization functions and employee relations during the industrial era. Before discussing the administrative theories, it is important to understand the historical context behind these theories. The industrial era is the time period from the 1880s to the 1950s, which represents the aftermath of the industrial revolution (Cronkhite, 2012). The industrial revolution is often revered for its significant advancements in technology and manufacturing. There was a striking shift in focus from agricultural goods to manufactured goods in factory settings (Harley, 2003). This influenced a mass migration of the population from rural areas to bustling cities (Harley, 2003). Commencing an age of economic prosperity and dominance in America. Despite this significant advancement in industry and economic growth, the industrial era introduced an abundance of problems (Harley, 2003). Horrifying living conditions, overcrowding, child labor, andShow MoreRelatedManaging An Effective Workforce Ie People Essay1512 Words   |  7 Pagesa major management function that explores several activities that are vital to effectively manage employees. Years ago, during the Factory Era or the Industrial Revolution period, the focus was on mass production and specialization. The Production Era then focused on the Scientific Management Movement that meant exclusively improving productivity and manufacturing methods. This was when the concept of Fordism was introduced. Today, we are a part of the Global and Internet Era where there are continuousRead MoreHr Assignement1023 Words   |  5 Pageshuman resource field further developed with the arrival of the Industrial revolution in the latter part of the 18th century, which laid the basis for a new and complex industrial society. Industrial Revolution began with the substitution of steam power and machinery for time-consuming hand labour. Working conditions, social patterns and the division of labour were significantly altered. A new kind of relationship which was employee-boss relationship was formed. Scientific management and welfareRead MoreHistorical Background of Organisational Behaviour2958 Words   |  12 Pagesof hierarchical structure, specialization, and the management functions of planning and controlling.† In the past organisational behaviour has tended to be based on psychology. The development of OB has been an integral part of the development of business and management studies as a whole. However , it was only 100 years ago that people first became interested in studying behaviour in organisation and only during the last 50 years that it gained widespread acceptance. BrieflyRead MoreImagine A Stern, Frightening Boss On A Comedic Tv Show.1489 Words   |  6 PagesImagine a stern, frightening boss on a comedic TV show. There is always an episode when the boss tells an employee if he’d like to go see â€Å"HR† in their office. As soon as the employee hears those two letters a shiver goes down his spine. He gulps as he responds to his boss with a faint â€Å"NO† and the audience laughs. Human Resources is petrifying according to Hollywood, but why is that the case? HR is portrayed in this manner because Human Resources is the department in a company where one is eitherRead MoreOrganizational Analysis : Organizational And Communication Models Essay1351 Words   |  6 PagesOrganizational Communication Models Since the eighteen century, organizations have put in practice several organizational structures to help them have more production. Managers have used different organizational structures in combination with communication models to make their employees feel comfortable. However, not all organizations have produce good outcomes do to the organizational communication framework they have chosen. Wrong combinations have inclusive cause a disaster for some organizationsRead MoreSteps of the New Induction Program2300 Words   |  10 Pages The induction program usually done either by formal induction program and or by informal induction program. Some large organizations follow the formal induction program, which carefully planned induction-orientation training program helps a new employee to quickly adjust to the new surroundings, assimilate the new culture, and Reduce Insecurity, Reduced Anxiety, Reduced Cultural Shock, and Reduced Exploitation. In some medium and small organizations info rmal induction program is carried out eitherRead MoreHuman Relations Movement1552 Words   |  7 Pagesassignment is the human relations movement and how it eradicated the influence of the classical and scientific management in the industry today. This approach raises some important questions about what are the keys function of the classical-scientific management theory, and the contrast of the worker in the classical-scientific and behavioral management. Some additional points need to be considered such as the Hawthorne studies and also the most important aspect covered is the Industrial Revolution thatRead MoreThe Evolution Of Managerial Control2092 Words   |  9 Pagesscientific management to modern management (Harris, 2011). Managerial control, then, is a process that organization’s owners seek to constrain and influence the behavior, activities and performance of individuals and groups in order to perform certain organizational goals and rule out others (Johnson, 1993 ). The rise of specific types of control has always been with the historical development of management. The evolution of management has gone through several significant stages in the history. The main purposeRead MoreThe Evolution Of Personnel Management Essay1601 Words   |  7 Pages1. Identify and discuss any four key developments in the evolution of personnel management? Personnel management started from the industrial revolution where excess demand of labor resulted in formation of management to manage large number of employees. In industrial revolution the only aim of the companies was to maximize profit and production for which they hire fire people and made them work from dawn to dusk like machines. The role of management was to look after the workers whether they areRead MoreEvolution Of Human Resource Management2625 Words   |  11 Pagesresources, administration to management, and human relations to organizational effectiveness, are covered. Utilizing the concepts and technology described can greatly improve the effectiveness of any human resources department. Ideas for future research and practice are also suggested. â€Æ' Evolution of Human Resource Management Key principles and practices associated with Human Resource Management date back as early as 1000and 2000 B.C. Employee screening tests have been traced back to 1115 B

Obligations Proxies Under Corporations Law -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Obligations Proxies Under Corporations Law? Answer: Introduction ASIC v Whitlam [2002] NSWSC 591 is a leading case which highlights the disqualification of director of company, when they breach the civil penalty provisions covered under the Corporations Act, 2001. This case had Justice Gzell of the Supreme Court of New South Wales stating that even though the general goal in disqualifying a person was to safeguard the public, there is also the significance of the deterrence from the future conduct which mandates such disqualification, when the judges decide upon such orders being made or in not doing the same. This case presents that the chair of the board are required to maintain high standards at all times (Hincy and McDermott, 2018). Though, this decision was reversed later on by Court of Appeal. Background information On July 10th, 2003, a lower court finding was reversed by the Court of Appeal where it was held that Whitlam had been in breach of the different sections of the erstwhile Corporations Law. There were a number of allegations made regarding the contraventions made by Whitlam, in his failure of properly voting against the Resolution 6, which had been instructed upon by the shareholders, who had appointed Whitlam as their proxy. This particular resolution had proposed certain amendments to the Articles of Association, which would have resulted in the fixed amount of annual remuneration being increased and the same being distributed amongst the directors, where the resolution was passed. This raise was to $665,000 from the earlier $617,000, and this resolution was supported by Whitlam (McConvill and Bagaric, 2004). There was a failure by Whitlam in signing the poll papers which covered the votes given by 3973 members, which were against this particular resolution. Based on the articles of association of NRMA, these votes were rendered invalid as a consequence of this. Even though the votes were not counted up earlier, the returning officer got legal advice on this matter where the law provided that these votes had to be counted up, even with the failure of Whitlam in signing these poll papers. This ultimately led to the votes against the resolution being counted up and this resolution was resultantly defeated. However, this was done a little too late and the publications were made in the newspaper advertisements, which showed the opposite (Neylan, Mir and Sato, 2018). This led to the ASIC initiating civil proceedings against Whitlam, who was the Chairman and President of the company, where it was stated that Whitlam had breached section 232 of the Corporations Law in his failure on voting the proxies, based on the instructions given by the members, against the resolution. Further, it was claimed that Whitlam had been in breach of sections 180, 181 and 182 of the Corporations Act, 2001 (Cth) (CA) in terms of changing the minutes of meeting of directors of the NIGL (Allens, 2002). Duties breached The director duties mentioned to have been contravened by Whitlam are the three key duties of directors, which attract civil penalties covered under 1317E of CA. Under section 180(1) of this act, the duty of care and diligence as a civil obligation has been provided (Jade, 2018). This section provides that the directors in the company have to exercise their powers and fulfil their duties with a degree of diligence and care, as would be done by a reasonable individual, where: This person was the director of company in the circumstances; and Held the office of the director and had the same responsibilities in the company (WIPO, 2015). Under section 181 of this act, the civil obligation of good faith is covered (Cassidy, 2006). This section provides that the directors in the company have to exercise their powers and fulfil their duties in best interest in good faith of company and for a proper purpose (Latimer, 2012). Section 182 of this act provides civil obligations regarding the use of position. This section provides that the directors in the company are not to make an improper use of the position which they have in the company, for gaining an advantage for themselves or for someone else; or causing detriment to the company (ICNL, 2018). Under 1317E of CA, when the court gets satisfied regarding the contraventions of the aforementioned provisions, they make a declaration of contravention, where the details of such breach are provided (Gibson and Fraser, 2014). When this declaration has been made, ASIC can seek disqualification order against the director based on section 206C of this act, or seek a pecuniary penalty order based on section 1317G of CA (Australian Government, 2018). Decision of the court Initially, the decision was given in favour of the ASIC by Justice Gzell. He stated that there had been deliberate omissions by Whitlam to sign the poll papers in context of the resolution and the intent here was to disenfranchise the voters who had actually appointed him as their proxy. In his view, Whitlam was attempting to override the intentions of the company members in a deliberate manner, where he knew that the voters were against the passing of this resolution as a special resolution. Based on this, it was held by the court that Whitlam had been in contravention of a number of provisions of Corporations Law, which included the failure of acting in an honest manner based on section 232(5), the improper use of position based on section 232(6) and breaching the duties of chairman regarding the proxies based on section 250A(c). These coincide with the present day quoted sections of the CA (Neylan, Mir and Sato, 2018). This led to Justice Gzell making an order which prohibited Whitlam from managing the company for duration of 5 years and also imposed a civil penalty of $20,000 on Whitlam (Segal, 2002). While making these orders, it was stated by Justice Gzell that not only the director in position of Whitlam, acting as proxy of voters, acted as agent with regards to the appointed shareholder as principal; but the shortfall of the director appointed as proxy for voting purposes based on the instructions of the members who appointed such person, was the contravention of the duty qua director. The failure of Whitlam, in context of signing of the poll papers, was as a result of this, seen as a violation of the duties which he owed in his capacity as the director of the company (Neylan, Mir and Sato, 2018). It was held by the court that in entertaining, revising and circulating the adoption of revised minutes of board of NIGL, Whitlam had failed in exercising the degree of diligence and care which a prudent individual holding the position of Whitlam would have exercised and would have thus breached the provisions of section 180(1) of CA. Justice Gzell though did not find Whitlam guilty for contravention of sections 181 and 182 as it was not the duty of Whitlam to determine that the minutes of board meeting had been prepared accurately. He did not get any kind of additional remuneration or even result in the recording of the same in the documents of the company which entitled him to some additional remuneration. This led to the ruling being given based on the breach of section 180(1) of CA alone (Allens, 2002). Appeal decision The decision by the Court of Appeal was made in favour of Whitlam where they reversed a range of findings given by the previous judge. Even though the court left the possibility of Whitlam having failed in signing the poll papers as deliberate one, they did find enough evidence to show that this failure in signing was not a dishonest act. The court also reversed the finding of the previous judge regarding Whitlam having contravened section 250A(c) in context of failing to vote, as a chairperson appointed proxy, as he had been instructed. This was due to the fact that Whitlam had actually voted regarding the resolution, by simply completing and filing the unsigned poll papers. The most crucial element was the overturning of statements by Court of Appeal of principle made by the earlier judge in context of the duty of director proxies to vote based on the instructions of the appointing shareholders. It was held by the Court of Appeal that Whitlam had not been voting as director and was simply acting as an agent. Thus, Whitlam was not held to have contravened the duties as a director of the company (Neylan, Mir and Sato, 2018). Here, voting based on the instructions of the shareholders was not a duty of Whitlam in the position he held in the company, and this was also not Whitlam exercising his powers as a director. Just because Whitlam had been a proxy owing to the position which he held as the director was not sufficient to make the dealings with the votes of shareholders and the poll papers, as a discharge of his duties as a director. Till the time there was an involvement of certain further element, the duty of Whitlam regarding the voting of proxy votes was just to the proxy providers, and this was in no way to the company, making it not a part of his duty as a director. Therefore, in principle, the director proxy is under the obligation of voting as per the instructions of the individual based on the fiduciary duty which was raised owing to the relationship of agency. There was no further fiduciary duty which was imposed on the director-proxies, owing to the lack of special facts. The court here left the possibility open that based on the law, a director could be appointed as the proxy under a duty in their capacity as director for voting based on the instructions of the shareholders. This was in context that such a director was not duty bound to threaten or challenge the normal procedures of AGM. Interestingly, this issue was not decided. Though, such an argument is bound to raise questions on appeal, particularly the ones which had not been raised at the very first instance (Neylan, Mir and Sato, 2018). Relevance Even if the decision of the Court of Appeal is technically sound, it does manifest out of step in context of the present expectations of the general public regarding corporate governance. This is more so in context of the reasonable expectations of the shareholders in giving the proxies to the chairperson of the company. As a result of this decision, it presents that the law provides no great protection or even recourse to the proxy giver where the proxy is given by them to the stranger who is not well versed in meeting and corporate procedures, or to the chairperson. The proxy holders are thus merely the agents, and they have no more roles to play. This is quite unsatisfactory. This is because the shareholders are used to giving their proxies to the chairpersons owing to the position held by them, which is at the very centre of all of the meeting and voting procedures, along with their assumed superior competency and knowledge. Understandably, the shareholders not only expect a high level of competence, but they also expect a high level of lawful duties owing to the office which is held by the chairperson (Neylan, Mir and Sato, 2018). Conclusion Thus, based on the discussion carried in the previous segments, it can be concluded that ASIC v Whitlam saw the ruling being initially given in favour of the ASIC and Justice Gzell holding that the director duty covered under section 180(1) of CA had been breached. However, when the matter reached the Court of Appeals, they reversed the decision and held that there had been no breach of director duties by Whitlam. This was due to the fact that while acting as the proxy of the voters, he had failed in his fiduciary duties which he owed to the voters as a proxy, but not the duties of the directors which he owed towards the company. This decision is however a bit harsh for the proxy voters, who place their trust on the chairpersons due to the position which they hold in the company while making them their proxy holder. References Allens. (2002) Cases. [Online] Allens. Available from: https://www.allens.com.au/pubs/itm/sep02/cases.htm [Accessed on: 21/01/18] Australian Government. (2018) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] Australian Government. Available from: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013C00605 [Accessed on: 21/01/18] Cassidy, J. (2006) Concise Corporations Law. 5th ed. NSW: The Federation Press. Gibson, A., and Fraser, D. (2014) Business Law 2014. 8th ed. Melbourne: Pearson Education Australia. Hincy, R., and McDermott, P. (2018) Management of Companies. [Online] Pearson Ed. Available from: wps.pearsoned.com.au/wps/media/objects/2604/2667009/summaries/Chapter5.doc [Accessed on: 21/01/18] ICNL. (2018) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] ICNL. Available from: https://www.icnl.org/research/library/files/Australia/Corps2001Vol4WD02.pdf [Accessed on: 21/01/18] Jade. (2018) Corporations Act 2001 (Cth). [Online] Jade. Available from: https://jade.io/article/216652/section/2204 [Accessed on: 21/01/18] Latimer, P. (2012) Australian Business Law 2012. 31st ed. Sydney, NSW: CCReferencesJ., and Bagaric, M. (2004) Ambiguities and Inconsistencies in Relation to the Obligations of Proxies under Corporations Law: A Model for Reform. University of New England Law Journal, 1(1). Neylan, M., Mir, S., and Sato, K. (2018) Duty-free director-proxies: Whitlam v ASIC. [Online] Find Law. Available from: https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/486/8216duty-free8217-director-proxies-whitlam-v-asic.aspx [Accessed on: 21/01/18] Segal, J. (2002) Corporate Governance: Substance Over Form. University of New South Wales Law Journal, 25(2). WIPO. (2015) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] WIPO. Available from: https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=370817 [Accessed on: 21/01/18]

Rural Banking in Nigeria, Issues and Challenges (a Case Study of Wema Bank of Nigeria Plc free essay sample

Chapter one 1. 0 Introduction Database system developed because of the need to store large amount of data and retrieve that data quickly and accurately for example, a University abrary stores details about the books held and loans taken out by student. Not very long ago this information about the books and loads might have been stored in a box card index, nowadays, only a few decades later, student are able to view their loans online and see if a book is available and reserve it. The abrary staff can quickly access statistics on overdue books, popular books which never have the shelves. Another example is a company that accepts customer orders for instance, orders for spare parts for electrical goods. Originally orders might have been created when a customer telephone the company to place the order. If information about the customer already existed in a paper file then his/her details would be requested and recorded. We will write a custom essay sample on Rural Banking in Nigeria, Issues and Challenges (a Case Study of Wema Bank of Nigeria Plc or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page An order form would have been filled in and copies: one copy being stored in a filing cabinet, the other, information on stock held would need to be accessed. Eventually, the order entry system was computerized so that by the 1960’s the data about customers and orders might have been stored in a computer file- a magnetic tape file and then later magnetic desk. These files were processed by computer programs. Other applications programs were used which could create invoices, orders to suppliers and so on. Although different application software would at times require similar data, the data would be kept on different files. In both types of system, the paper one and the files system, processing was slow and problems of inconsistencies of data could easily develop. The introduction of shaved files. Whereby different applications shaved some of the same files, solved some of the problems described earlier, and was good for providing routine data. For example, a customer order application and an invoicing application might use both the customer and stock files, and ind addition their own files. As only one copy of each file was made available, the inconsisitencies were avoided. However, this method was not efficeient, as a share file would only be available to one application at a time. Share files systems were also not effective in providing data for planning and control of an organization. In the 1960’s database systems began to emerge with the release of the IBM production IMS, a system where the user viewed the data as a hierarchical tree. In the late sixties, database systems based on a different data model where developed. This time the user view of the data was a network of data recorded. In both cases skilled programmers were required and users tended to be large organizations. The database approach was an improvement on the share file solution as the software which was used to control the data was quite powerful. The software consisted of a number of components which provided facilities for acquiring data, data security and integrity and the ability to access the data simultaneously by different users. Another character of database systems is that the underlying structure of the data is isolated from the actual data itself. The specification of the entire database is called Schema. There are various level of Schema- the conceptual schema or model is discussed below. If there is a requirement to change the structure of the data, the change will be made at the schema level. Such changes are independent of both the physical storage level and the level seen by individual users. Returning to our brief history, by the 1970’s the study of database systems had become a major academic and research area. The relational model was first proposed in 1970 by Ted Codd with his services of pioneering papers. The theory underpinning relational database is derived from the mathematical principles of set theory and predicate logic. The model is based on the familiar concepts of table, rows and columns and the manipulation of these tables is achieved through a collection of simple and well understood set theory operators. The query language SQL, based on relational algebra, was developed and has become the most important query language for relational databases. The first commercial relational product was Oracle’s DBMS and was released in 1980. The relational model has been successfully adopted for transaction processing in numerous organizations and support most of the major database systems in commercial use today. Its ability to handle efficiently simple data types, its powerful query language, and its good protection of data from programming errors make it an effective model. 1. statement of the problem/ limitation ? DBMS are expensive products, complex and quite different from many other software tools. Their introduction therefore represents a considerable investment, both direct and indirect. ? DBMS provide, in standardized form, a whole set service, which necessarily carry cost. In the cause where some of these services are not needed, it is different to extract the services actually required from the others, and this can generate inefficiencies. . purpose of the study Why use a database system? What are the advantages? To some extend the answer to these questions depends on whether the system is single or multi user. Let us use a wine seller as an example of a single use case. Its database is so small and simple that the advantages might not be all that obvious, but imagine similar datab ase for a large restaurant, with a stock of perhaps thousands of bottles and very frequent changes to that stock, or think of a liquor store, with again a very large stock and high turnover on that stock. The advantages of a database system over traditional, paper-paper methods of recordkeeping are perhaps easier to see in these cases. ? Compactness:-There is no need for possible voluminous paper files. ? Speed:- the machine can retrieve and update data far faster than a human can. In particular, adhoc, supur- of- the moment queries. ? Less drudgery:- much of the sheer tedium of mechanical tasks are always better done by machines. ? Currency:- Accurate, up- to- date information is available on demand at any time. 3. Research Question Consider a hospital information system with the following characteristic:- A patient can either be a resident patient who is admitted to the hospital or an out patient who comes to the hospital for an out patient clinic. ? For both types of patient we will need to hold the birth patient’s name, telephone number, address, date of birth and the patient doctor. ? For resident patient we will need to hold the ward name in which the patient is currently residing, the admission date of the patient, and also information about any operations that the patient has had. ? For out – patient, we will need to hold information about the outpatient, the appointment date and time. . significance of the study ? redundancy can be reduced:- in non database systems each application has its own private files. This fact can often lead to considerable reducdancy in store data, with resultant waste in storage space for example, a personnel application might both own a file that includes departmental information for employees. As suggested in those two files can be integrated, and the redundancy eliminated, so long as the data administrator is aware of the data requirements for both application i. e. so long as the enterprise has the necessary overall control. Incidentally, can or necessarily should be eliminated. Sometimes there are sound business or technical reasons for maintaining several distinct copies of the same data, however, we do mean to suggest that any such redundancy should be carefully controlled that is, the DBMS should be aware of it, if it exists and should assume responsibility for propagating updates. ? Inconsistency can be avoided This is really a corollary of the previous point. Suppose a given fact about the real word – say the fact that employee E3 works in department D8 – is represented by two distinct entries in the database. Suppose also that the DBMS is not aware of this duplication. There will necessarily be occasion on which the two entries will not agree: namely when one of the two has been updated and the other not. At such times the database is said to be inconsistent. Clearly, a database that is in an inconsistent state is capable of supplying incorrect or contradictory information to its users. ? Transaction is a logical unit of work, typically involving several database operations. The standard example involves the transfer of a cash amount from one account A to another account B. Clearly two updates are required have, one to withdraw the cash from account A and the other to deposit it to account B. if the user has stated that the two updates are part of the same transaction, then the system can effectively guarantee that either both of then are done or neither is even halfway through the process. ? Security can be enforce:- Having complete jurisdiction over the database, the DBA can ensure that the only means of access to the database is through the proper channels, and hence can define security constraints or rules to be checked whenever access is attempted to sensitive data. Different constraints can be established for each type of access to each piece of information in the database. Chapter two 2. 0 Literature Review:- Explanation of Boyce- Codd Normal Form. Definition of Boyce- Codd Normal Form. In this section, we will formalize the ideas illustrated in section 8. 1, in the light of what we have said on functional dependencies. Let us start by observing that, in our example, the tow properties causing anomalies correspond exactly to attributes involve in functional dependencies: The property â€Å"the salary of each employee is unique and depends only on the employee, independently of the project on which he or she is working† can be formalized by means of the functional dependency Employee salary. ? The property â€Å"the budget of each project is unique and depends on the project, independently of the employees who are working on it† corresponds to the functional dependency project budget. Furthermore, it is appropriate to note that th e function attribute indicates, for each tuple, the role played by the employees in the project. This role is unique, for each employee-project pair. We can model this property too using a functional dependency. ? The property â€Å"in each project , each of the employees involved can carry out only one function â€Å" corresponds to the functional dependency Employee Project function. As we have mentioned in the previous section, this also a consequence of the fact that the attributes employee and project form the key of the relation. We saw in section 8. 1 how the fist two properties (and thus the corresponding functional dependencies) generate undesirable redundancies and anomalies. The third dependency is different. It never generates redundancies because, having Employee and project as a key, the relation cannot contain two tuples with the same values of these attributes (and thus of the function attribute). Also, from a conceptual point of view, we can say that it can generate anomalies, because each employee has a salary (and only) and each project has a budget (and only one), and thus for each employee- project pair we can have unique values for all the other attributes of the relation. In some cases, such values might not be available. In these case, since they are not part of the key, we would simply replace them with null values without any problem. We can thus conclude that the dependencies: EmployeeSalary ProjectBudget Cause anomalies, whereas dependency. Employee ProjectFunction dose not. The difference, as we have mentioned, is that Employee Project is a super key of the relation. All the reasoning that we have developed with reference to this specific example, is more general. Indeed: redundancies and anomalies are caused by the functional dependencies X >Y that allow the presence of many equal tuples on the attributes in X. hat is from the functional dependencies X>Y such that X dose not contain a key. We will formalize this idea by introducing the notion of Boyce- Codd normal form (BCNF), which takes the name from its inventors. A relation r is in Boyce- Codd normal from if for every (non-trivial) functional dependency X>Y defined on it, X contain a key K of r. That is, X is a super key for r. Anomalies an d redundancies, as discussed above, do not appear in database with relations in Boyce- Codd normal form, because the independent pieces of information are separate, one per relation. Decomposition into Boyce- Codd normal form Given a relation that dose not satisfy Boyce- Codd normal form, we can often replace it with one or more normalized relations using a process called normalization. This process is based on a simple criterion: if a relation represents many real-world concepts, then it is decomposed into smaller relations, one for each concept. Let us show the normalization process by means of an example. We can eliminate redundancies and anomalies for the relation in figure 8. 1 if we replace it with the three relations in figure 8. , obtained by projections on the set of attributes corresponding respectively to the three items of information mentioned above. The three relations so that each dependency correspond to different relation, the key of which is actually the left hand side of the same dependency. In this way, the satisfaction of the Boyce- Codd normal from is guaranteed, by the definition of this normal form itself. 2. 1 Normalization Introduction O ne of the principal objectives of relational database is to ensure that each item of data is held only once within the database. For instance, if we hold customers’ address then the address of any one customer is represented only once throughout all the tables of the application. The reasons for this are, first, simply to minimize the amount of space required to hold the database, but also and more importantly to simplify maintenance of the data. If the same information is held in two or more place, then each time the data changes, each occurrence of the data must be located and amended. Also having two copies of the same data gives rise to the possibility of their being different. In many case, it is relatively easy to arrange the tables to meet this objective. There is, however, a more formal procedure called normalization that can be followed to organized data into a standard format which avoids many processing difficulties. The process of normalizing tables is described in this chapter. Overview of normalization process In order to understand the process of normalization, it is necessary to refer back to the concept, mentioned earlier, of the ‘ruling part’ and ‘dependent part’ of the rows. The ruling part, also known as the key value of the table, is the column of columns that specify or identify the entity being described by the row. For instance, the key of the project table is the project code since this value uniquely specified the project been described by the other column of the row, the dependent column. The purpose of normalization is:- †¢ To put data into a form that confirm to relations to principles, e. g. , single valued column, each relation represents one entity. †¢ To avoid redundancy by storing each fact within the database only once. †¢ To put the data into form that is more able to accommodate change. †¢ To avoid certain difficulties in updating (so-called anomalies, described later). †¢ To facilitate enforcement of constraints on the data. Normalization involves checking that the tables confirm to certain rules and, if not, re-organizing the data. This will mean creating new tables containing data drawn from the original table. Normalization is a multi-stage process, the result of each of the stage being called a ‘normal form’ successive stage produce a grater degree of normalization. There are total of seven normal form, called in increasing degree and grouped for the convenience of description. †¢ First, second and third normal forms (abbreviation to 1NF, 2NF and 3NF) †¢ Boyce-Codd (BCNF) †¢ Fourth normal form (4NF) Fifth normal form (5NF) and domain-key normal form (DK/NF) The normal forms 1NF, 2NF and 3NF are the most important and all practical database applications would be expected to conform to these. The likelihood of a set of tables requiring modification to comply with these is quite high. The Boyce-Codd normal form is a more stringent form of 3NF an again should be applied system . There is less chance of this normal form affecting the structure of the table. The fourth and fifth normal forms are unlikely to be significant in a practical system that has designed, say using the EB approach. The highest normal form, the domain-key, was devised by Fagin in 1981 (Fagin 1981). Fagin prove that this normal form was the last on higher form is possible or necessary since a relation in DK/NF can have no modification anomalies. However, this is mostly of theoretical interest since there is no known procedure for converting to this form. The first three normal forms are most significant and are usually sufficient for most applications. These will be described in some detail in the following section; the other normal forms will be covered in the subsequent sections in somewhat less detail. Normal form 1NF, 2NF and 3NF The normalization process assumes that you start with some information description of all the data attributes that the database application appears to require; this is often called ‘un-normalized data’. This set of attributes is then tested using criteria defined by each of the normalization stages. If the data fails the criteria, there is a prescribed procedure for correcting the structure of the data; this inevitably involves the creation of additional tables. The overall process of normalization for the first three stages is summarized in figure5. . To understand what these step is imply, we can return again to the example initially introduced in Chapter One (1) concerning a correspondence college. For convenience, the specification of the example is reproduced below. A small correspondence college offers courses in a range of topics. For each course, student completes a series of assignments which are sent to the office. The assignments a re gathered into batches of up to ten assignments are sent to tutors for making. (i. e) complete batches of up to ten assignments are sent to tutors). Assume that there can be infinite number of tutors. These tutors mark the assignments, then return them, retaining them within the same batches. A system is require that enables ‘tracking’ of the assignments, so that the college knows what assignment have been received, sent to tutors of marked. Also, the system should keep a running total of the number of assignments that have been marked by each tutor. UN-NORMALIZED DATA Remove all repeating groups FIRST NORMAL FORM If the primary key has more than one field, ensure that all other fields are functionally dependent on the whole key SECOND NORMAL FORM Remove all transitive dependences. i. e ensure that all fields Dependent on non-key fields THIRD NORMAL FORM As we did in chapter one (1), we can represent the data diagrammatically as shown in figure 5. 2. We view this data design as a attempt at forming a relational table to represent the application data. Naturally, we would prefer as few tables as possible so we have combined all the data into one tentative table design. The attribute Batch Number will be used as a provisional primary key. mmmmmmm Batch Number

Prejudice free essay sample

Prejudice by A. M., Milton, MA Prejudice. What do you think of when you see or hear this word? Websters Dictionary defines prejudice as a judgment or opinion formed without knowing the facts, or hatred and fear of other races, creeds, or nations. I have experienced many prejudicial encounters during my life that have led me to agree with the second part more than the first. Although none of them were directed toward me, but at my friends, who are of different ethnic backgrounds, religions, and sexual orientations, I still took offense. No one should ever have to become the center of prejudicial comments or actions because of their differences. This has been a serious problem in our society since the start of this nation. It remains so today, and will continue if we dont begin to correct it now. This problem must be recognized and addressed as soon as possible in order to protect the rights of every human being, no matter what their religion, color, sexual preference or background. We will write a custom essay sample on Prejudice or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Everyone was created equal and they should be treated as such. Prejudice makes people feel inferior and less of a person. They begin to feel that because they are different, they are doing something wrong. No one should have to feel that way. There really is only one solution to this problem: we must try to educate people about other races, nations, religions and sexual orientations. It may be a tough job, but if enough people are willing to at least try, we may be able to change things even a little. Every bit will help. It may be too late to change the minds and opinions of adults who have already made up their minds, but if we teach young children, we can affect them before they, too, become prejudiced. I believe that if we begin now, and try, we can change the future for the better. It may be a hard job, but if we are willing to try, thats a step in the right direction.

Challenges of Enron Essays

Challenges of Enron Essays Challenges of Enron Essay Challenges of Enron Essay Challenges of the Enron Organization LDR 531 October 21, 2010 Doreen Gournaris Introduction To be effective as a team, team members need to communicate with each other. Enron lacked good leadership within their organization and the leaders in executive levels allowed accounting fraud and decentralized corporate departments. Enron’s team was faced with communications, collaboration and conflict management and top leadership had issues dealing with this situation. This paper will (1) describe how to develop a training program to increase the effectiveness of Enron’s groups and teams, (2) how the training program would work for Enron and how it could have helped Enron from failing, (3) the unique challenges it would address to Enron, and (4) how this particular training program would not have helped Enron and the reasons. A training program to increase the effectiveness of Enron If a training program is to be effective the program needs proper communication collaboration and conflict management from its leaders. Training plans are necessary in business and education to solve complex problems. Enron was notorious for taking the easy way out and ignoring the finer points of running a business. Training plans are necessary in business and education to solve complex problems. John Hewitt states: When a project requires expertise that the team involved does not currently possess a training plan details actionable steps to correct that deficiency. In agile, growing businesses, all employees incorporate regular training into their schedules to sharpen their own skills and empower the company as a whole (para. ). Enron’s leadership needed to adapt a proper ethics training program not only for the workforce but also for upper management. Ethics are very important for a business as it helps to determine how the company is perceived by others. . Benefits of a proper training program for Enron Ethics training could have prevented the Enron scandal from ever happening. The training plan proposed w ould have trained the executives properly and would have instilled the vision and integrity that the founders of the company had in mind. The ethics training plan would also give incentives to the employees and help them better understand the goals of the company. Employees frequently develop a greater sense of self-worth, dignity and well being because they become more valuable to the firm and to society. Generally, they will receive a greater share of the material gains that result from their increased productivity. Enron needed to provide ethics training for all employee programs as it would have provided insights for liability protection as well as improve employee morale. This training would have helped Enron provide employees with information with regard to reporting ethics violation to specific personnel and reassure them that offenders will be punished severely. This would have inhibited the leadership of Enron from giving into temptation to violate ethical code of the business. Alex Gordan states: When the ethics training for employees is carefully planned and executed, the employees will have a clear idea of the companys code of ethics as well as being intimidated with punishment techniques for those guilty of violations. Thus, ethics training for employees is an integral part of any training program provided to employees (para. 6). Unique Challenges of an Ethics training plan Ethics training program are designed for business leaders, executives, and senior managers who are hoping to instill a culture of ethical behavior throughout all levels of their organization. Enron faces this unique challenge as the leadership had a lack of integrity and no sense for proper ethics. To be effective, Enron needed to reach out to the employees and inspire them in a meaningful way. Thomas states â€Å"On the surface, the motives and attitudes behind decisions and events leading to Enron’s eventual downfall appear simple enough: individual and collective greed born in an atmosphere of market euphoria and corporate arrogance† (Thomas, 2002, The Rise and Fall of Enron, para. 4). Enron’s corporate culture provides yet another unique challenge to an effective training plan. Enron’s reputation to the business world continued to grow, whereas the internal culture apparently began to take a darker tone. Enron’s arrogance to the business world also provided challenges to the ethics training plan. Enron officials believe that they cannot be forced to take the training therefore providing employees to follow suit. Why Ethics training would not have helped Enron Enron was famous for playing it fast and loose and ethics training could not have prevented such a scandal. According to a survey: Only one percent of the ethics executives thought it would have stopped the scandal from ever happening, and more than half believe it would have made little or no difference. Unquestionably, the Enron implosion has wreaked more havoc on the accounting profession than any other case in U. S. history (Thomas, 2002). Enron collapsed chiefly because its managers were paid to aim at the wrong financial measures, and consequently, its internal system of financial controls was a shambles. Front-line leadership was more interested in the value of risks and creativity that led to more aggressive partnership arrangements that maximized share value and ignored the aspect of business integrity. The company contributed to the myth of invulnerability so effectively and bough into the belief that the stock would never fall. Enrons problem was lack of integrity and a strong desired to find alternative resolution to a problem was nonexistent. Even if the company wanted to instill ethics training, the arrogance of the leadership would have overcome its value. Enron’s arrogance contributed to the nature of their problems and lack of communication is still discussed today as one of their major downfalls. Enron’s code of ethics states: As officers and Enron Corp, its subsidiaries, and its affiliated companies, we are responsible for conducting the business affairs of the companies in accordance with all applicable laws and in a moral and honest manner We want to be proud of Enron and to know that it enjoys a reputation for fairness and honesty and that it is respected (para. 2). The previous quotes shows that a code of ethics is meaningless unless it is made more genuine for everyone in the organization. Conclusion Training programs are implemented so that companies can teach vocational and technical skills to their employees to better to fit competencies that the ob requires. In this aspect, Enron proved to be its own worst enemy. Arrogance and the lack of a proper culture were the contributing factors to their downfall. To this day, Enron’s code of ethics is used as a historic factor of what not to do in the business world. The previous paragraphs make an argument that a proper ethics training plan, the be nefits of the training plan, and the reasons it would have helped them are discussed in detail above, but in reality nothing would have kept that company from failing. Even where an ethics plan could institute compliance training and programs, little is being done by Enron’s leadership to enforce it. Sims and Brinkman quote â€Å"Enron ethics means (still ironically) that business ethics is a question of organizational deep culture rather than of cultural artifacts like ethics codes, ethics officers and the like† (p. 243). Enron faced the challenges of communication, collaboration and conflict management internally to their group, and the outcome was disaster. References Bastone, W. Enron’s Code of Ethics: The Smoking Gun. 2006. ww. soxfirst. com/enrons_code_of_ethics. Gordon, A. (2006, December 24). Ethics Training Programs For Employees. Retrieved Oct 17, 2010, from htpp://ezinearticles. com/? Ethics-Training Programs-For-Employeesid=395220 Hewitt, J. How to Develop a Training Plan. August 19, 2009 Sims, R. , Brinkman, J. Enron ethics: Culture matters more than codes. Journal Of Business Ethics, Jul 2003. Vol. 45, Iss. 3; pg . 243. Thomas, W. 2002. The Rise and Fall of Enron. Journal of Accountancy, 31(3) Appeared in the March/April issue of Today’s CPA; Texas Society of CPA’s.

Should women be allowed to be drafted in the military Research Proposal

Should women be allowed to be drafted in the military - Research Proposal Example By means of banning women from warfare also damages their military professions. Even if women merely accounts for a small fraction of the military, they still perform a most important role. Their functioning has generated assistance from the public for boosting the responsibility of females inside the military. America is not the sole country that has concerns with women inside the military. Army examiners have come up with an innovative study which concludes that, as soon as a woman is appropriately trained she happens to be as tough as a man (Women in Combat). Several explorers after examining how women functions in these standings came to the similar conclusion. Their presentation has led the world to apprehend that women are exceptionally useful in warfare. Even if many females are not enthusiastic to go into combat, still there are women who is capable and desire to go accomplish the job. Nowadays, the modern civilization has begun to obtain cognizance of the budding function of women inside a more multifaceted world of male adjusted professions. Modifications in viewpoints have turned out to be more perceptible although some still anticipates a few of them to formulate it. On the other hand, those who are unconditionally fated to be successful have mounted similarly with their male equivalents. Women are at present are being observed to propagate even inside the planet of men in uniform. Be enough to declare that they have plagued almost every space inside this society.   They appear to eat very similar food. They make use of the same sink. They sleep together inside one barracks, though in detached cubicles, also they even utilize the similar screeching steel bunks. They jog within the same speed; they sweat at any time where everybody sweats. They go anywhere everybody goes. They satisfy themselves towards an atmosphere where a life of soothe and freedom is all too far away from reality. In brief, they too, may